References for video "If you are confused about whether or not seed oils are actually bad for you, click here."
- Michelle Adams
- Jan 23
- 10 min read
Updated: Mar 30
References listed (mostly) by appearance in video, otherwise they are grouped by heading
Clips used throughout the video:
Americans ‘can’t trust what’s on the ingredient label’: RFK Jr
Channel: Fox News
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Robert F. Kennedy Jr
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Seed oils
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How It's Made - Canola Oil
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This Is How Canada Convinced You To Eat Engine Lubricant
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6 nov 2023
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Wikipedia articles on fats:
Things in your cabinet that contain seed oils
Research articles on saturated fats vs. polyunsaturated fats/linoleic acid/seed oils
Farvid MS, Ding M, Pan A, Sun Q, Chiuve SE, Steffen LM, Willett WC, Hu FB. Dietary linoleic acid and risk of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Circulation. 2014 Oct 28;130(18):1568-78. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010236. Epub 2014 Aug 26. PMID: 25161045; PMCID: PMC4334131.
Li J, Guasch-Ferré M, Li Y, Hu FB. Dietary intake and biomarkers of linoleic acid and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020 Jul 1;112(1):150-167. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz349. PMID: 32020162; PMCID: PMC7326588.
Zhang Y, Zhuang P, Wu F, He W, Mao L, Jia W, Zhang Y, Chen X, Jiao J. Cooking oil/fat consumption and deaths from cardiometabolic diseases and other causes: prospective analysis of 521,120 individuals. BMC Med. 2021 Apr 15;19(1):92. doi: 10.1186/s12916-021-01961-2. PMID: 33853582; PMCID: PMC8048052.
Sacks FM, Lichtenstein AH, Wu JHY, Appel LJ, Creager MA, Kris-Etherton PM, Miller M, Rimm EB, Rudel LL, Robinson JG, Stone NJ, Van Horn LV; American Heart Association. Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017 Jul 18;136(3):e1-e23.
Jakobsen MU, O'Reilly EJ, Heitmann BL, Pereira MA, Bälter K, Fraser GE, Goldbourt U, Hallmans G, Knekt P, Liu S, Pietinen P, Spiegelman D, Stevens J, Virtamo J, Willett WC, Ascherio A. Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 May;89(5):1425-32. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27124. Epub 2009 Feb 11. PMID: 19211817; PMCID: PMC2676998.
Li Y, Hruby A, Bernstein AM, Ley SH, Wang DD, Chiuve SE, Sampson L, Rexrode KM, Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB. Saturated Fats Compared With Unsaturated Fats and Sources of Carbohydrates in Relation to Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015 Oct 6;66(14):1538-1548. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.055. PMID: 26429077; PMCID: PMC4593072.
Hooper L, Martin N, Jimoh OF, Kirk C, Foster E, Abdelhamid AS. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Aug 21;8(8):CD011737. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub3. PMID: 32827219; PMCID: PMC8092457.
Rosqvist F, Kullberg J, Ståhlman M, Cedernaes J, Heurling K, Johansson HE, Iggman D, Wilking H, Larsson A, Eriksson O, Johansson L, Straniero S, Rudling M, Antoni G, Lubberink M, Orho-Melander M, Borén J, Ahlström H, Risérus U. Overeating Saturated Fat Promotes Fatty Liver and Ceramides Compared With Polyunsaturated Fat: A Randomized Trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Dec 1;104(12):6207-6219. doi: 10.1210/jc.2019-00160. PMID: 31369090; PMCID: PMC6839433.
Luukkonen PK, Sädevirta S, Zhou Y, Kayser B, Ali A, Ahonen L, Lallukka S, Pelloux V, Gaggini M, Jian C, Hakkarainen A, Lundbom N, Gylling H, Salonen A, Orešič M, Hyötyläinen T, Orho-Melander M, Rissanen A, Gastaldelli A, Clément K, Hodson L, Yki-Järvinen H. Saturated Fat Is More Metabolically Harmful for the Human Liver Than Unsaturated Fat or Simple Sugars. Diabetes Care. 2018 Aug;41(8):1732-1739. doi: 10.2337/dc18-0071. Epub 2018 May 29. PMID: 29844096; PMCID: PMC7082640.
Other studies on saturated fat
Hantikainen E, Roos E, Bellocco R, D'Antonio A, Grotta A, Adami HO, Ye W, Trolle Lagerros Y, Bonn S. Dietary fat intake and risk of Parkinson disease: results from the Swedish National March Cohort. Eur J Epidemiol. 2022 Jun;37(6):603-613. doi: 10.1007/s10654-022-00863-8. Epub 2022 Apr 13. PMID: 35416636; PMCID: PMC9288363.
Ruan Y, Tang J, Guo X, Li K, Li D. Dietary Fat Intake and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2018;15(9):869-876. doi: 10.2174/1567205015666180427142350. PMID: 29701155.
Historical evidence which hinted at seed oils being better than saturated fat for health
BRONTE-STEWART B, ANTONIS A, EALES L, BROCK JF. Effects of feeding different fats on serum-cholesterol level. Lancet. 1956 Apr 28;270(6922):521-6. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(56)90592-x. PMID: 13320793.
KEYS A, ANDERSON JT, GRANDE F. Prediction of serum-cholesterol responses of man to changes in fats in the diet. Lancet. 1957 Nov 16;273(7003):959-66. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(57)91998-0. PMID: 13482259.
AHRENS EH Jr, INSULL W Jr, BLOMSTRAND R, HIRSCH J, TSALTAS TT, PETERSON ML. The influence of dietary fats on serum-lipid levels in man. Lancet. 1957 May 11;272(6976):943-53. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(57)91280-1. PMID: 13417651.
MALMROS H, WIGAND G. The effect on serum-cholesterol of diets containing different fats. Lancet. 1957 Jul 6;273(6984):1-7. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(57)90568-8. PMID: 13450312.
Dayton, S., Pearce, M., Hashimoto, S., et al. A Controlled Clinical Trial of a Diet High in Unsaturated Fat in Preventing Complications of Atherosclerosis. Circulation. 1969 July; Volume 40, Number 1s2.
Leren P. The Oslo diet-heart study. Eleven-year report. Circulation. 1970 Nov;42(5):935-42. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.42.5.935. PMID: 5477261.
Turpeinen O, Karvonen MJ, Pekkarinen M, Miettinen M, Elosuo R, Paavilainen E. Dietary prevention of coronary heart disease: the Finnish Mental Hospital Study. Int J Epidemiol. 1979 Jun;8(2):99-118. doi: 10.1093/ije/8.2.99. PMID: 393644.
Miettinen M, Turpeinen O, Karvonen MJ, Pekkarinen M, Paavilainen E, Elosuo R. Dietary prevention of coronary heart disease in women: the Finnish mental hospital study. Int J Epidemiol. 1983 Mar;12(1):17-25. doi: 10.1093/ije/12.1.17. PMID: 6840954.
Research articles from Paul Saladino video
Reaven P, Parthasarathy S, Grasse BJ, Miller E, Steinberg D, Witztum JL. Effects of oleate-rich and linoleate-rich diets on the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidative modification in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects. J Clin Invest. 1993 Feb;91(2):668-76. doi: 10.1172/JCI116247. PMID: 8432867; PMCID: PMC288008.
Berry EM, Eisenberg S, Haratz D, Friedlander Y, Norman Y, Kaufmann NA, Stein Y. Effects of diets rich in monounsaturated fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins--the Jerusalem Nutrition Study: high MUFAs vs high PUFAs. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Apr;53(4):899-907. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/53.4.899. PMID: 2008870.
Jenkinson A, Franklin MF, Wahle K, Duthie GG. Dietary intakes of polyunsaturated fatty acids and indices of oxidative stress in human volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999 Jul;53(7):523-8. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600783. PMID: 10452406.
Kim M, Kim M, Lee A, Yoo HJ, Her JS, Jee SH, Lee JH. Impact of 8-week linoleic acid intake in soy oil on Lp-PLA2 activity in healthy adults. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2017 May 8;14:32. doi: 10.1186/s12986-017-0186-2. PMID: 28503188; PMCID: PMC5422895.
Silaste ML, Rantala M, Alfthan G, Aro A, Witztum JL, Kesäniemi YA, Hörkkö S. Changes in dietary fat intake alter plasma levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein and lipoprotein(a). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004 Mar;24(3):498-503. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000118012.64932.f4. Epub 2004 Jan 22. PMID: 14739118.
Research articles from What I’ve Learned and Nina Teicholz videos
Shaten BJ, Kuller LH, Kjelsberg MO, Stamler J, Ockene JK, Cutler JA, Cohen JD. Lung cancer mortality after 16 years in MRFIT participants in intervention and usual-care groups. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Ann Epidemiol. 1997 Feb;7(2):125-36. Doi: 10.1016/s1047-2797(96)00123-8. PMID: 9099400.
Simon JA, Fong J, Bernert JT Jr, Browner WS. Serum fatty acids and the risk of fatal cancer. MRFIT Research Group. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Am J Epidemiol. 1998 Nov 1;148(9):854-8. Doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009710. PMID: 9801015.
Botteri E, de Lange T, Tonstad S, Berstad P. Exploring the effect of a lifestyle intervention on cancer risk: 43-year follow-up of the randomized Oslo diet and antismoking study. J Intern Med. 2018 Sep;284(3):282-291. Doi: 10.1111/joim.12765. Epub 2018 May 22. PMID: 29790221.
SEYMOUR DAYTON, M.D., MORTON LEE PEARCE, M.D., SAM HASHIMOTO, M.S., WILFRID J. DIXON, PH.D., and UWAMIE TOMIYASU, M.D.
A Controlled Clinical Trial of a Diet High in Unsaturated Fat in Preventing Complications of Atherosclerosis. Circulation
Originally Published 1 July 1969
Volume 40, Number 1s2
INCIDENCE OF CANCER IN MEN ON A DIET HIGH IN POLYUNSATURATED FAT
Lee Pearce and Dayton
March 06, 1971
The Lancet, Volume 297, Issue 7697, 464 – 467
Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Majchrzak-Hong S, Faurot KR, Broste SK, Frantz RP, Davis JM, Ringel A, Suchindran CM, Hibbeln JR. Re-evaluation of the traditional diet-heart hypothesis: analysis of recovered data from Minnesota Coronary Experiment (1968-73). BMJ. 2016 Apr 12;353:i1246. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.i1246. Erratum in: BMJ. 2024 Jun 28;385:q1450. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.q1450. PMID: 27071971; PMCID: PMC4836695.
Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Leelarthaepin B, Majchrzak-Hong SF, Faurot KR, Suchindran CM, Ringel A, Davis JM, Hibbeln JR. Use of dietary linoleic acid for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death: evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and updated meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013 Feb 4;346:e8707. Doi: 10.1136/bmj.e8707. Erratum in: BMJ. 2013;346:f903. PMID: 23386268; PMCID: PMC4688426.
Research articles on the omega 6 to omega 3 ratio theory
Simopoulos AP. The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomed Pharmacother. 2002 Oct;56(8):365-79. doi: 10.1016/s0753-3322(02)00253-6. PMID: 12442909.
Kuipers RS, Luxwolda MF, Dijck-Brouwer DA, Eaton SB, Crawford MA, Cordain L, Muskiet FA. Estimated macronutrient and fatty acid intakes from an East African Paleolithic diet. Br J Nutr. 2010 Dec;104(11):1666-87. doi: 10.1017/S0007114510002679. Epub 2010 Sep 23. PMID: 20860883.
DiNicolantonio JJ, O'Keefe J. The Importance of Maintaining a Low Omega-6/Omega-3 Ratio for Reducing the Risk of Autoimmune Diseases, Asthma, and Allergies. Mo Med. 2021 Sep-Oct;118(5):453-459. PMID: 34658440; PMCID: PMC8504498.
Nogoy KMC, Sun B, Shin S, Lee Y, Zi Li X, Choi SH, Park S. Fatty Acid Composition of Grain- and Grass-Fed Beef and Their Nutritional Value and Health Implication. Food Sci Anim Resour. 2022 Jan;42(1):18-33. doi: 10.5851/kosfa.2021.e73. Epub 2022 Jan 1. PMID: 35028571; PMCID: PMC8728510.
Benbrook CM, Davis DR, Heins BJ, Latif MA, Leifert C, Peterman L, Butler G, Faergeman O, Abel-Caines S, Baranski M. Enhancing the fatty acid profile of milk through forage-based rations, with nutrition modeling of diet outcomes. Food Sci Nutr. 2018 Feb 28;6(3):681-700. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.610. PMID: 29876120; PMCID: PMC5980250.
Karsten HD, Patterson PH, Stout R, Crews G. Vitamins A, E and fatty acid composition of the eggs of caged hens and pastured hens. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. 2010;25(1):45-54. doi:10.1017/S1742170509990214
Blasbalg TL, Hibbeln JR, Ramsden CE, Majchrzak SF, Rawlings RR. Changes in consumption of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in the United States during the 20th century. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 May;93(5):950-62. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.006643. Epub 2011 Mar 2. PMID: 21367944; PMCID: PMC3076650.
Guyenet SJ, Carlson SE. Increase in adipose tissue linoleic acid of US adults in the last half century. Adv Nutr. 2015 Nov 13;6(6):660-4. doi: 10.3945/an.115.009944. PMID: 26567191; PMCID: PMC4642429
M. Cao, F. Yang, Y. Guo, R. Liu, M. Chang, Y. Wang, W. Wei, Q. Jin, X. Wang. Are the ratio and amount of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids associated with cardiovascular outcomes?—a GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials,
Food Bioscience,Volume 59, 2024, 104066, ISSN 2212-4292.
Maes M, Smith R, Christophe A, Cosyns P, Desnyder R, Meltzer H. Fatty acid composition in major depression: decreased omega 3 fractions in cholesteryl esters and increased C20: 4 omega 6/C20:5 omega 3 ratio in cholesteryl esters and phospholipids. J Affect Disord. 1996 Apr 26;38(1):35-46. doi: 10.1016/0165-0327(95)00092-5. PMID: 8735157.
Shetty SS, Kumari N S, Shetty PK. ω-6/ω-3 fatty acid ratio as an essential predictive biomarker in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrition. 2020 Nov-Dec;79-80:110968. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110968. Epub 2020 Aug 7. PMID: 32919185.
Abdollahzadeh S, Riasi A, Tavalaee M, Jafarpour F, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Omega 6/Omega 3 Ratio Is High in Individuals with Increased Sperm DNA fragmentation. Reprod Sci. 2023 Dec;30(12):3469-3479. doi: 10.1007/s43032-023-01313-w. Epub 2023 Aug 10. PMID: 37563480.
Zhang Y, Sun Y, Yu Q, Song S, Brenna JT, Shen Y, Ye K. Higher ratio of plasma omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is associated with greater risk of all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality: A population-based cohort study in UK Biobank. Elife. 2024 Apr 5;12:RP90132. doi: 10.7554/eLife.90132. PMID: 38578269; PMCID: PMC10997328.
Maillard V, Bougnoux P, Ferrari P, Jourdan ML, Pinault M, Lavillonnière F, Body G, Le Floch O, Chajès V. N-3 and N-6 fatty acids in breast adipose tissue and relative risk of breast cancer in a case-control study in Tours, France. Int J Cancer. 2002 Mar 1;98(1):78-83. doi: 10.1002/ijc.10130. PMID: 11857389.
Talaei M, Sdona E, Calder PC, Jones LR, Emmett PM, Granell R, Bergström A, Melén E, Shaheen SO. Intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in childhood, FADS genotype and incident asthma. Eur Respir J. 2021 Sep 2;58(3):2003633. doi: 10.1183/13993003.03633-2020. PMID: 33509958; PMCID: PMC8411098.
Brigham EP, Woo H, McCormack M, Rice J, Koehler K, Vulcain T, Wu T, Koch A, Sharma S, Kolahdooz F, Bose S, Hanson C, Romero K, Diette G, Hansel NN. Omega-3 and Omega-6 Intake Modifies Asthma Severity and Response to Indoor Air Pollution in Children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Jun 15;199(12):1478-1486. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201808-1474OC. PMID: 30922077; PMCID: PMC6580674.
Furuhjelm C, Warstedt K, Larsson J, Fredriksson M, Böttcher MF, Fälth-Magnusson K, Duchén K. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy and lactation may decrease the risk of infant allergy. Acta Paediatr. 2009 Sep;98(9):1461-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01355.x. Epub 2009 Jun 1. PMID: 19489765.
Dunstan JA, Mori TA, Barden A, Beilin LJ, Taylor AL, Holt PG, Prescott SL. Fish oil supplementation in pregnancy modifies neonatal allergen-specific immune responses and clinical outcomes in infants at high risk of atopy: a randomized, controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 Dec;112(6):1178-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.09.009. PMID: 14657879.
Best KP, Gold M, Kennedy D, Martin J, Makrides M. Omega-3 long-chain PUFA intake during pregnancy and allergic disease outcomes in the offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Jan;103(1):128-43. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.111104. Epub 2015 Dec 16. PMID: 26675770.
Palmer DJ, Sullivan T, Gold MS, Prescott SL, Heddle R, Gibson RA, Makrides M. Effect of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy on infants' allergies in first year of life: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2012 Jan 30;344:e184. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e184. PMID: 22294737; PMCID: PMC3269207.
Kostoglou-Athanassiou I, Athanassiou L, Athanassiou P. The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Rheumatoid Arthritis. Mediterr J Rheumatol. 2020 Jun 30;31(2):190-194. doi: 10.31138/mjr.31.2.190. PMID: 32676556; PMCID: PMC7362115.
The intake of saturated fat in the USA
Shan Z, Rehm CD, Rogers G, Ruan M, Wang DD, Hu FB, Mozaffarian D, Zhang FF, Bhupathiraju SN. Trends in Dietary Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat Intake and Diet Quality Among US Adults, 1999-2016. JAMA. 2019 Sep 24;322(12):1178-1187. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.13771. PMID: 31550032; PMCID: PMC6763999.
Benefits of extra virgin olive oil
Gorzynik-Debicka M, Przychodzen P, Cappello F, Kuban-Jankowska A, Marino Gammazza A, Knap N, Wozniak M, Gorska-Ponikowska M. Potential Health Benefits of Olive Oil and Plant Polyphenols. Int J Mol Sci. 2018 Feb 28;19(3):686. doi: 10.3390/ijms19030686. PMID: 29495598; PMCID: PMC5877547.
Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, Covas MI, Corella D, Arós F, Gómez-Gracia E, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Fiol M, Lapetra J, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Serra-Majem L, Pintó X, Basora J, Muñoz MA, Sorlí JV, Martínez JA, Fitó M, Gea A, Hernán MA, Martínez-González MA; PREDIMED Study Investigators. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jun 21;378(25):e34. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1800389. Epub 2018 Jun 13. PMID: 29897866.
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