References listed by appearance in video
Money spent on Vitamin D:
Vitamin D Market Size, Share Global Analysis Report, 2022-2030. (2022, December). https://www.polarismarketresearch.com/industry-analysis/vitamin-d-market
Grand View Research. (n.d.). North America Vitamin D Market Size Report, 2020-2027. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/north-america-vitamin-d-market
Vitamin D Global Market Report 2023. (2023, April 4). Yahoo Finance. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/vitamin-d-global-market-report-123100398.html
Distance between sun and earth:
NASA. (2020, February 1). How Big Is the Solar System? - NASA Science. Science.nasa.gov. https://science.nasa.gov/learning-resources/how-big-is-the-solar-system/
Source for the process of vitamin D synthesis:
Engelsen O. The relationship between ultraviolet radiation exposure and vitamin D status. Nutrients. 2010 May;2(5):482-95. doi: 10.3390/nu2050482. Epub 2010 May 4. PMID: 22254036; PMCID: PMC3257661.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257661/#:~:text=Provitamin%20D%20(7%2Ddehydrocholesterol%2C,25(OH)D).
Link between vitamin D deficiency and pain and falls:
Charoenngam N, Shirvani A, Holick MF. Vitamin D for skeletal and non-skeletal health: What we should know. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2019 Nov-Dec;10(6):1082-1093. doi: 10.1016/j.jcot.2019.07.004. Epub 2019 Jul 13. PMID: 31708633; PMCID: PMC6834997.
Images of children with Rickets:
Thacher, Tom. (2003). Calcium-Deficiency Rickets. Endocrine development. 6. 105-25. 10.1159/000072773. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12964429/
Trends in vitamin D testing:
Shahangian S, Alspach TD, Astles JR, Yesupriya A, Dettwyler WK. Trends in laboratory test volumes for Medicare Part B reimbursements, 2000-2010. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2014 Feb;138(2):189-203. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2013-0149-OA. Epub 2013 Jun 5. PMID: 23738761; PMCID: PMC4698806. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23738761/
Huang KE, Milliron BJ, Davis SA, Feldman SR. Surge in US outpatient vitamin D deficiency diagnoses: National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey analysis. South Med J. 2014 Apr;107(4):214-7. doi: 10.1097/SMJ.0000000000000085. PMID: 24937512; PMCID: PMC4679143. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24937512/
Recommendations for vitamin D testing:
US Preventive Services Task Force; Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, Cabana M, Caughey AB, Davis EM, Donahue KE, Doubeni CA, Epling JW Jr, Kubik M, Li L, Ogedegbe G, Owens DK, Pbert L, Silverstein M, Stevermer J, Tseng CW, Wong JB. Screening for Vitamin D Deficiency in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2021 Apr 13;325(14):1436-1442. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.3069. PMID: 33847711. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33847711/
Clifford J. Rosen, Steven A. Abrams, John F. Aloia, Patsy M. Brannon, Steven K. Clinton, Ramon A. Durazo-Arvizu, J. Christopher Gallagher, Richard L. Gallo, Glenville Jones, Christopher S. Kovacs, JoAnn E. Manson, Susan T. Mayne, A. Catharine Ross, Sue A. Shapses, Christine L. Taylor, IOM Committee Members Respond to Endocrine Society Vitamin D Guideline, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 97, Issue 4, 1 April 2012, Pages 1146–1152,
Michael F. Holick, Neil C. Binkley, Heike A. Bischoff-Ferrari, Catherine M. Gordon, David A. Hanley, Robert P. Heaney, M. Hassan Murad, Connie M. Weaver, Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 96, Issue 7, 1 July 2011, Pages 1911–1930, https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0385
About Dr. Michael Holick:
Holick, M. (2024). About Michael F. Holick Ph.D., M.D. Dr. Michael F. Holick. https://drmichaelholick.org/about-dr-holick/
Biogena KG - Headquarter Salzburg. (2016, June 13). „Vitamin D – State of the art“ - Dr. Michael F. Holick in Vienna (English). YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NuWC2d0mTbo
New York Times article about Dr. Holick:
Szabo, L. (2018, August 18). Vitamin D, the Sunshine Supplement, Has Shadowy Money Behind It. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/18/business/vitamin-d-michael-holick.html
Concerning studies used in the Endocrine Society recommendations:
Study with 34 people:
Heaney RP, Dowell MS, Hale CA, Bendich A. Calcium absorption varies within the reference range for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J Am Coll Nutr. 2003 Apr;22(2):142-6. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2003.10719287. PMID: 12672710.
Study that showed no benefit past 8ng/mL for Ca absorption:
Need AG, O'Loughlin PD, Morris HA, Coates PS, Horowitz M, Nordin BE. Vitamin D metabolites and calcium absorption in severe vitamin D deficiency. J Bone Miner Res. 2008 Nov;23(11):1859-63. doi: 10.1359/jbmr.080607. PMID: 18597633.
Medicare Coverage Database results for vitamin D:
LCD - Vitamin D Assay Testing (L39391). (2023, July 27). Www.cms.gov. https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/view/lcd.aspx?lcdid=39391&ver=6&
Data on trends in vitamin D levels:
Forrest KY, Stuhldreher WL. Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in US adults. Nutr Res. 2011 Jan;31(1):48-54. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.12.001. PMID: 21310306.
Cui A, Xiao P, Ma Y, Fan Z, Zhou F, Zheng J, Zhang L. Prevalence, trend, and predictor analyses of vitamin D deficiency in the US population, 2001-2018. Front Nutr. 2022 Oct 3;9:965376. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.965376. PMID: 36263304; PMCID: PMC9573946.
Healthcare providers recommending more vitamin D:
Souberbielle JC, Body JJ, Lappe JM, Plebani M, Shoenfeld Y, Wang TJ, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Cavalier E, Ebeling PR, Fardellone P, Gandini S, Gruson D, Guérin AP, Heickendorff L, Hollis BW, Ish-Shalom S, Jean G, von Landenberg P, Largura A, Olsson T, Pierrot-Deseilligny C, Pilz S, Tincani A, Valcour A, Zittermann A. Vitamin D and musculoskeletal health, cardiovascular disease, autoimmunity and cancer: Recommendations for clinical practice. Autoimmun Rev. 2010 Sep;9(11):709-15. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.06.009. Epub 2010 Jul 1. PMID: 20601202.
People are spending more money on supplements:
Vitamin D: how 32 supplements really measure up. Consum Rep. 2013 May;78(5):48. PMID: 23607149. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23607149/
Schleicher RL, Sternberg MR, Potischman N, Gahche JJ, Storandt RJ, Maw KL, Pfeiffer CM. Supplemental Vitamin D Increased Serum Total 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in the US Adult Population During 2007-2014. J Nutr. 2021 Aug 7;151(8):2446-2454. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxab147. PMID: 34036360; PMCID: PMC8349116.
Fortification of breakfast cereals:
EXTRA, EXTRA! READ ALL ABOUT IT: General Mills doubles vitamin D in Big G Cereals - General Mills. (2023, July 19). https://www.generalmills.com/news/press-releases/vitamind
Vitamin D and Osteoporosis:
Sarafrazi N, Wambogo EA, Shepherd JA. Osteoporosis or low bone mass in older adults: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS Data Brief, no 405. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2021. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:103477
Vitamin D and Bone Mineral Density:
Sarafrazi N, Wambogo EA, Shepherd JA. Osteoporosis or low bone mass in older adults: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS Data Brief, no 405. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2021. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:103477
Vitamin D and Bone Fractures:
Xu B, Radojčić MR, Anderson DB, Shi B, Yao L, Chen Y, Feng S, Lee JH, Chen L. Trends in prevalence of fractures among adults in the United States, 1999-2020: a population-based study. Int J Surg. 2024 Feb 1;110(2):721-732. doi: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000000883. PMID: 37921645; PMCID: PMC10871608.
Vitamin D for Children:
Neville H. Golden, Steven A. Abrams, COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION, Stephen R. Daniels, Steven A. Abrams, Mark R. Corkins, Sarah D. de Ferranti, Neville H. Golden, Sheela N. Magge, Sarah Jane Schwarzenberg; Optimizing Bone Health in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics October 2014; 134 (4): e1229–e1243. 10.1542/peds.2014-2173. https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/134/4/e1229/32964/Optimizing-Bone-Health-in-Children-and-Adolescents?autologincheck=redirected
Vitamin D and Diabetes:
Li X, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Wang P, Zhang Y. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 2018; 10, 375; doi:10.3390/nu10030375
Pittas A, Dawson-Hughes B, Sheehan P, Ware JH, Knowler WC, Aroda VR, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and prevention of type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2019;381:520-30.
Dawson-Hughes, B. et al. Intratrial exposure to vitamin D and new-onset diabetes among adults with prediabetes: a secondary analysis from the Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes (D2d) Study. Diabetes Care 43, 2916–2922 (2020).
Pittas, A. G., Jorde, R., Kawahara, T. & Dawson-Hughes, B. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: to D or not to D? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 105, 3721–3733 (2020).
Zhang, Y. et al. Effects of Vitamin D supplementation on prevention of type 2 diabetes in patients with prediabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 43, 1650–1658 (2020).
Barbarawi, M. et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of diabetes mellitus. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 105, 2857–2868 (2020).
Mousa A, Naderpoor N, de Courten MPJ, Teede H, Kellow N, Walker K, et al. Vitamin D supplementation has no effect on insulin sensitivity or secretion in vitamin D-deficient, overweight or obese adults: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2017;105:1372-81.
Seida JC, Mitri J, Colmers IN, Majumdar SR, Davidson MB, Edwards AL, et al. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on improving glucose homeostasis and preventing diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014;99:3551-60.
Jorde R, Sollid ST, Svartberg J, Schirmer H, Joakimsen RM, Njolstad I, et al. Vitamin D 20 000 IU per week for five years does not prevent progression from prediabetes to diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016;101:1647-55.
NIH Factsheet:
National Institutes of Health. (2023, September 18). Vitamin D. National Institutes of Health. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/
Statistics About Diabetes:
American Diabetes Association. (2023, November 2). Statistics about diabetes. https://diabetes.org/about-diabetes/statistics/about-diabetes
Diabetes, Vitamin D, and Race:
Scragg R, Sowers M, Bell C; Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, diabetes, and ethnicity in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care. 2004 Dec;27(12):2813-8. PMID: 15562190. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15562190/
Christensen MHE, Scragg RK. Consistent ethnic specific differences in diabetes risk and vitamin D status in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016 Nov;164:4-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.023. Epub 2015 Sep 16. PMID: 26386461. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26386461/
Vitamin D and Cancer:
Krishnan AV, Trump DL, Johnson CS, Feldman D. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention and treatment. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010;39:401–418.
Mehta RG, Peng X, Alimirah F, Murillo G, Mehta R. Vitamin D and breast cancer: Emerging concepts. Cancer Lett. 2012;334 (1:95–100. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23142286/
Pereira F, Larriba MJ, Muñoz A. Vitamin D and colon cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2012 May 3;19(3):R51-71. doi: 10.1530/ERC-11-0388. PMID: 22383428. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22383428/
Cauley JA, Chlebowski RT, Wactawski-Wende J, Robbins JA, Rodabough RJ, Chen Z, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and health outcomes five years after active intervention ended: The Women’s Health Initiative. J Womens Health 2013:22,915-29.
Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Vieth R, Azad A, Pietinen P, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, et al. A prospective nested case-control study of vitamin D status and pancreatic cancer risk in male smokers. Cancer Res 2006;66:10213-9.
Helzlsouer KJ for the VDPP Steering Committee. Overview of the Cohort Consortium Vitamin D Pooling Project of Rarer Cancers. Am J Epidemiol 2010;172:4-9.
Xu Y, Shao X, Yao Y, Xu L, Chang L, Jiang Z, Lin Z. Positive association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and prostate cancer risk: New findings from an updated meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014;140:1465-77. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24838848/
Manson, J. E. et al. Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 380, 33–44 (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30415629/
Scragg, R. et al. Monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation and cancer risk: a post hoc analysis of the vitamin D assessment randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 4, e182178 (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30027269/
Bjelakovic, G. et al. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 6, CD007469 (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24953955/
Vitamin D and Heart Disease:
Chowdhury, R. et al. Vitamin D and risk of cause specific death: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational cohort and randomised intervention studies. BMJ 348, g1903 (2014).
Barbarawi M, Kheiri B, Zayed Y, Barbarawi O, Dhillon H, Swaid B, Yelangi A, Sundus S, Bachuwa G, Alkotob ML, Manson JE. Vitamin D Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease Risks in More Than 83 000 Individuals in 21 Randomized Clinical Trials: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2019 Aug 1;4(8):765-776. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31215980/
Sluyter, J. D. et al. Effect of monthly, high-dose, long-term vitamin D supplementation on central blood pressure parameters: a randomized controlled trial substudy. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 6, e006802 (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29066444/
Manson, J. E. et al. Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 380, 33–44 (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30415629/
Scragg R, Stewart AW, Waayer D, Lawes CMM, Toop L, Sluyter J, et al. Effect of monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular disease in the Vitamin D Assessment Study: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol 2017;2:608-16.
More on Vitamin D and Bone Health:
Bolland, M. J., Grey, A. & Avenell, A. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on musculoskeletal health: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 6, 847–858 (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30293909/
Boonen, S. et al. Need for additional calcium to reduce the risk of hip fracture with vitamin D supplementation: evidence from a comparative metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92, 1415–1423 (2007).
Bolland, M. J., Grey, A., Gamble, G. D. & Reid, I. R. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on skeletal, vascular, or cancer outcomes: a trial sequential meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2, 307–320 (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24703049/
Avenell, A., Mak, J. C. & O’Connell, D. Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post-menopausal women and older men. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 4, CD000227 (2014). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24729336/
Yao, P. et al. Vitamin D and calcium for the prevention of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw. Open 2, e1917789 (2019). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31860103/
Chakhtoura, M., Chamoun, N., Rahme, M. & Fuleihan, G. E. Impact of vitamin D supplementation on falls and fractures–a critical appraisal of the quality of the evidence and an overview of the available guidelines. Bone 131, 115112 (2020). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31676406/
Guirguis-Blake JM, Michael YL, Perdue LA, Coppola EL, Beil TL. Interventions to prevent falls in older adults: Updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2018;319:1705-16. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29710140/
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Interventions to prevent falls in community-dwelling older adults. US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA 2018;319:1696-1704. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29710141/
Gallagher JC. Vitamin D and bone density, fractures, and falls: The end of the story? Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018;6:834-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30293910/
LeBoff MS, Chou SH, Ratliff KA, Cook NR, Khurana B, Kim E, et al. Supplemental vitamin D and incident fractures in midlife and older adults. N Eng J Med 2022;387:299-309.
Reid, I. R. et al. Effect of monthly high-dose vitamin D on bone density in community-dwelling older adults substudy of a randomized controlled trial. J. Intern. Med. 282, 452–460 (2017). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28692172/
Macdonald, H. M. et al. 25-hydroxyvitamin D threshold for the effects of vitamin D supplements on bone density: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. J. Bone Miner. Res. 33, 1464–1469 (2018). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29665087/
Study on bone health in Black women:
Aloia, J. et al. Vitamin D supplementation in elderly black women does not prevent bone loss: a randomized controlled trial. J. Bone Miner. Res. 33, 1916–1922 (2018).
Vitamin D and Depression:
Anglin RES, Samaan Z, Walter SD, McDonald SD. Vitamin D deficiency and depression in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2013;202:100-7
Gowda U, Mutowo MP, Smith BJ, Wluka AE, Renzaho AMN. Vitamin D supplementation to reduce depression in adults: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition 2015;31:421-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25701329/
Jorde R, Kubiak J. No improvement in depressive symptoms by vitamin D supplementation: Results from a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Nutrition Science 2018;7:1-7.
de Koning EJ, Lips P, Penninx BWJH, Elders PJM, Heijboer AC, den Heijer M, et al. Vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of depression and poor physical function in older persons: The D-Vitaal study, a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2019;110:1119-30.
Jorde R, Grimnes G. Vitamin D: No cure for depression. Am J Clin Nutr 2019;110:1043-4. PMID: 31504098. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31504098/
Okereke OI, Reynolds III CF, Mischoulon D, Chang G, Vyas CM, Cook NR, et al. Effect of long-term vitamin D3 supplementation vs placebo on risk of depression or clinically relevant depressive symptoms and on change in mood scores: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2020;324:471-80. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32749491/
Vitamin D and Multiple Sclerosis:
Munger K, Hongell K, Aivo J, Soilu-Hanninen M, Surcel H-M, Ascherio A. 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and risk of MS among women in the Finnish Maternity Cohort. Neurology 2017;89: 1578-83. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28904091/
Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW, Howard NS, Ascherio A. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA 2006;296:2832-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17179460/
Salzer J, Hallmans G, Nystrom M, Stenlund H. Wadell G, Sundstrom P. Vitamin D as a protective factor in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2012;79:2140-5.
Jagannath VA, Filippini G, Di Pietrantonj C, Asokan GV, Robak EW, Whamond L, Robinson SA. Vitamin D for the management of multiple sclerosis (review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, issue 9, Art. No.: CD008422. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008422.pub3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30246874/
Vitamin D and COVID-19:
Pereira M, Dantas Damascena A, Galvão Azevedo LM, de Almeida Oliveira T, da Mota Santana J. Vitamin D deficiency aggravates COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(5):1308-1316.
Vitamin D and Infant Size:
Bodnar LM, Catov JM, Zmuda JM, Cooper ME, Parrott MS, Roberts JM, Marazita ML, Simhan HN. Maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with small-for-gestational age births in white women. J Nutr. 2010 May;140(5):999-1006. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.119636. Epub 2010 Mar 3. PMID: 20200114; PMCID: PMC2855265.
Thorne-Lyman A, Fawzi WW. Vitamin D during pregnancy and maternal, neonatal and infant health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2012 Jul;26 Suppl 1(0 1):75-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2012.01283.x. PMID: 22742603; PMCID: PMC3843348.
Vitamin D conversion and skin color:
Engelsen O. The relationship between ultraviolet radiation exposure and vitamin D status. Nutrients. 2010 May;2(5):482-95. doi: 10.3390/nu2050482. Epub 2010 May 4. PMID: 22254036; PMCID: PMC3257661.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257661/#:~:text=Provitamin%20D%20(7%2Ddehydrocholesterol%2C,25(OH)D).
How to get enough sun exposure:
Tsiaras WG, Weinstock MA. Factors influencing vitamin D status. Acta Derm Venereol. 2011 Mar;91(2):115-24. doi: 10.2340/00015555-0980. PMID: 21384086.
Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007;357:266-81.
Bouillon R. Comparative analysis of nutritional guidelines for vitamin D. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017;13:466-79. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28387318/
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General; 2014. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/call-to-action-prevent-skin-cancer.pdf
Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF. Vitamin D for health: A global perspective. Mayo Clin Proc 2013;88:720-55. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23790560/
Vitamin D2 versus Vitamin D3:
Tripkovic L, Lambert H, Hart K, Smith CP, Bucca G, Penson S, et al. Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95:1357-64.
Lehmann U, Hirche F, Stangl GI, Hinz K, Westphal S, Dierkes J. Bioavailability of vitamin D2 and D3 in healthy volunteers, a randomised placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrin Metab 2013;98:4339-45. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24001747/
Logan VF, Gray AR, Peddie MC, Harper MJ, Houghton LA. Long-term vitamin D3 supplementation is more effective than vitamin D2 in maintaining serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status over the winter months. Br J Nutr 2013;109:1082-8.
Tripkovic L, Wilson LR, Hart K, Johnsen S, de Lusignan S, Smith CP, et al. Daily supplementation with 15 µg vitamin D2 compared with vitamin D3 to increase wintertime 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in healthy South Asian and white European women: A 12-wk randomized, placebo-controlled food-fortification trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2017;106:481-90.
Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007;357:266-81.
Hirsch AL. Industrial Aspects of Vitamin D. In: Feldman D, Pike JW, Adams JS, eds. Vitamin D. 3rd ed. Academic Press; 2011:73-93.
What can happen if you take too much vitamin D:
Cauley JA, Danielson ME, Boudreau R, Barbour KE, Horwitz MJ, Bauer DC, Ensrud KE, Manson JE, Wactawski-Wende J, Shikany JM, Jackson RD. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and clinical fracture risk in a multiethnic cohort of women: the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). J Bone Miner Res. 2011 Oct;26(10):2378-88. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.449. PMID: 21710614; PMCID: PMC3304434. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21710614/
Burt LA, Billington EO, Rose MS, Raymond DA, Hanley DA, Boyd SK. Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Volumetric Bone Density and Bone Strength: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019 Aug 27;322(8):736-745. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.11889. Erratum in: JAMA. 2019 Nov 19;322(19):1925. PMID: 31454046; PMCID: PMC6714464.
Letavernier E, Daudon M. Vitamin D, Hypercalciuria and Kidney Stones. Nutrients. 2018 Mar 17;10(3):366. doi: 10.3390/nu10030366. PMID: 29562593; PMCID: PMC5872784.
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